#region CPL License
/*
Nuclex Framework
Copyright (C) 2002-2010 Nuclex Development Labs

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the IBM Common Public License as
published by the IBM Corporation; either version 1.0 of the
License, or (at your option) any later version.

This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
IBM Common Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the IBM Common Public
License along with this library
*/
#endregion

#if !(XBOX360 || WINDOWS_PHONE)

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Nuclex.Support.Cloning {

	/// <summary>An action that takes its arguments as references to a structure</summary>
	/// <typeparam name="TFirst">Type of the first argument to the method</typeparam>
	/// <typeparam name="TSecond">Type of the second argument to the method</typeparam>
	/// <param name="first">First argument to the method</param>
	/// <param name="second">Second argument to the method</param>
	public delegate void ReferenceAction<TFirst, TSecond>(ref TFirst first, ref TSecond second)
		where TFirst : struct
		where TSecond : struct;

	/// <summary>
	///   Cloning factory which uses expression trees to improve performance when cloning
	///   is a high-frequency action.
	/// </summary>
	public class ExpressionTreeCloner : ICloneFactory {

		/// <summary>Initializes the static members of the expression tree cloner</summary>
		static ExpressionTreeCloner() {
			shallowCloners = new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Delegate>();
			deepCloners = new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Delegate>();
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Creates a deep clone of the specified object, also creating clones of all
		///   child objects being referenced
		/// </summary>
		/// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type of the object that will be cloned</typeparam>
		/// <param name="objectToClone">Object that will be cloned</param>
		/// <param name="usePropertyBasedClone">
		///   Whether to clone the object based on its properties only
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>A deep clone of the provided object</returns>
		public static TCloned DeepClone<TCloned>(
			TCloned objectToClone, bool usePropertyBasedClone
		) {
			if(usePropertyBasedClone) {
				throw new NotImplementedException("Not implemented yet");
			} else {
				Func<TCloned, TCloned> cloner = getOrCreateDeepFieldBasedCloner<TCloned>();
				return cloner(objectToClone);
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Creates a shallow clone of the specified object, reusing any referenced objects
		/// </summary>
		/// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type of the object that will be cloned</typeparam>
		/// <param name="objectToClone">Object that will be cloned</param>
		/// <param name="usePropertyBasedClone">
		///   Whether to clone the object based on its properties only
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>A shallow clone of the provided object</returns>
		public static TCloned ShallowClone<TCloned>(
			TCloned objectToClone, bool usePropertyBasedClone
		) {
			throw new NotImplementedException("Not implemented yet");
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Creates a deep clone of the specified object, also creating clones of all
		///   child objects being referenced
		/// </summary>
		/// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type of the object that will be cloned</typeparam>
		/// <param name="objectToClone">Object that will be cloned</param>
		/// <param name="usePropertyBasedClone">
		///   Whether to clone the object based on its properties only
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>A deep clone of the provided object</returns>
		TCloned ICloneFactory.DeepClone<TCloned>(
			TCloned objectToClone, bool usePropertyBasedClone
		) {
			return ExpressionTreeCloner.DeepClone<TCloned>(objectToClone, usePropertyBasedClone);
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Creates a shallow clone of the specified object, reusing any referenced objects
		/// </summary>
		/// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type of the object that will be cloned</typeparam>
		/// <param name="objectToClone">Object that will be cloned</param>
		/// <param name="usePropertyBasedClone">
		///   Whether to clone the object based on its properties only
		/// </param>
		/// <returns>A shallow clone of the provided object</returns>
		TCloned ICloneFactory.ShallowClone<TCloned>(
			TCloned objectToClone, bool usePropertyBasedClone
		) {
			return ExpressionTreeCloner.ShallowClone<TCloned>(objectToClone, usePropertyBasedClone);
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Retrieves the existing clone method for the specified type or compiles one if
		///   none exists for the type yet
		/// </summary>
		/// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type for which a clone method will be retrieved</typeparam>
		/// <returns>The clone method for the specified type</returns>
		private static Func<TCloned, TCloned> getOrCreateDeepFieldBasedCloner<TCloned>() {
			Type clonedType = typeof(TCloned);
			Delegate clonerAsDelegate;
			if(deepCloners.TryGetValue(clonedType, out clonerAsDelegate)) {
				return (Func<TCloned, TCloned>)clonerAsDelegate;
			} else {
				Func<TCloned, TCloned> cloner = createDeepFieldBasedCloner<TCloned>();
				deepCloners.TryAdd(clonedType, cloner);
				return cloner;
			}
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Generates state transfer expressions to copy an array of primitive types
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="clonedType">Type of array that will be cloned</param>
		/// <param name="original">Variable expression for the original array</param>
		/// <param name="variables">Receives variables used by the transfer expressions</param>
		/// <param name="transferExpressions">Receives the generated transfer expressions</param>
		private static void generatePrimitiveArrayTransferExpressions(
			Type clonedType,
			ParameterExpression original,
			ICollection<ParameterExpression> variables,
			ICollection<Expression> transferExpressions
		) {
			// We need a temporary variable because the IfThen expression is not suitable
			// for returning values
			ParameterExpression clone = Expression.Variable(clonedType, "clone");
			variables.Add(clone);

			// If the array referenced by 'original' is not null, call Array.Clone() on it
			// and assign the result to our temporary variable
			MethodInfo arrayCloneMethodInfo = typeof(Array).GetMethod("Clone");
			transferExpressions.Add(
				Expression.IfThen(
					Expression.NotEqual(original, Expression.Constant(null)),
					Expression.Assign(
						clone,
						Expression.Convert(
							Expression.Call(original, arrayCloneMethodInfo),
							clonedType
						)
					)
				)
			);

			// Set the return value to the temporary variable
			transferExpressions.Add(clone);
		}

		/// <summary>
		///   Generates state transfer expressions to copy an array of complex types
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="clonedType">Type of array that will be cloned</param>
		/// <param name="original">Variable expression for the original array</param>
		/// <param name="variables">Receives variables used by the transfer expressions</param>
		/// <param name="transferExpressions">Receives the generated transfer expressions</param>
		private static void generateComplexArrayTransferExpressions(
			Type clonedType,
			ParameterExpression original,
			IList<ParameterExpression> variables,
			ICollection<Expression> transferExpressions
		) {
			// We need a temporary variable because the IfThen expression is not suitable
			// for returning values
			ParameterExpression clone = Expression.Variable(clonedType, "clone");
			variables.Add(clone);

			int dimensionCount = clonedType.GetArrayRank();
			int baseVariableIndex = variables.Count;
			var arrayTransferExpressions = new List<Expression>();
			Type elementType = clonedType.GetElementType();

			// Retrieve the length of each of the array's dimensions
			MethodInfo arrayGetLengthMethodInfo = typeof(Array).GetMethod("GetLength");
			for(int index = 0; index < dimensionCount; ++index) {
				ParameterExpression length = Expression.Variable(typeof(int));
				variables.Add(length);
				arrayTransferExpressions.Add(
					Expression.Assign(
						length,
						Expression.Call(original, arrayGetLengthMethodInfo, Expression.Constant(index))
					)
				);
			}

			// Create a new array of identical size
			switch(dimensionCount) {
				case 1: {
					MethodInfo arrayCreateInstanceMethodInfo = typeof(Array).GetMethod(
						"CreateInstance", new Type[] { typeof(Type), typeof(int) }
					);
					arrayTransferExpressions.Add(
						Expression.Assign(
							clone,
							Expression.Convert(
								Expression.Call(
									arrayCreateInstanceMethodInfo,
									Expression.Constant(elementType),
									variables[baseVariableIndex]
								),
								clonedType
							)
						)
					);
					break;
				}
				case 2: {
					MethodInfo arrayCreateInstanceMethodInfo = typeof(Array).GetMethod(
						"CreateInstance", new Type[] { typeof(Type), typeof(int), typeof(int) }
					);
					arrayTransferExpressions.Add(
						Expression.Assign(
							clone,
							Expression.Convert(
								Expression.Call(
									arrayCreateInstanceMethodInfo,
									Expression.Constant(elementType),
									variables[baseVariableIndex],
									variables[baseVariableIndex + 1]
								),
								clonedType
							)
						)
					);
					break;
				}
				case 3: {
					MethodInfo arrayCreateInstanceMethodInfo = typeof(Array).GetMethod(
						"CreateInstance", new Type[] { typeof(Type), typeof(int), typeof(int), typeof(int) }
					);
					arrayTransferExpressions.Add(
						Expression.Assign(
							clone,
							Expression.Convert(
								Expression.Call(
									arrayCreateInstanceMethodInfo,
									Expression.Constant(elementType),
									variables[baseVariableIndex],
									variables[baseVariableIndex + 1],
									variables[baseVariableIndex + 2]
								),
								clonedType
							)
						)
					);
					break;
				}
				default: {
					throw new InvalidOperationException("Unsupported array dimension count");
				}

			}

			// Only execute the array transfer expressions if the array is not null
			transferExpressions.Add(
				Expression.IfThen(
					Expression.NotEqual(original, Expression.Constant(null)),
					Expression.Block(arrayTransferExpressions)
				)
			);

			// Set the return value to the temporary variable
			transferExpressions.Add(clone);
		}

		/// <summary>Generates state transfer expressions to copy a complex type</summary>
		/// <param name="clonedType">Complex type that will be cloned</param>
		/// <param name="original">Variable expression for the original instance</param>
		/// <param name="variables">Receives variables used by the transfer expressions</param>
		/// <param name="transferExpressions">Receives the generated transfer expressions</param>
		private static void generateComplexTypeTransferExpressions(
			Type clonedType,
			ParameterExpression original,
			ICollection<ParameterExpression> variables,
			ICollection<Expression> transferExpressions
		) {
			// We need a temporary variable because the IfThen expression is not suitable
			// for returning values
			ParameterExpression clone = Expression.Variable(clonedType, "clone");
			variables.Add(clone);

			var complexTransferExpressions = new List<Expression>();

			complexTransferExpressions.Add(Expression.Assign(clone, Expression.New(clonedType)));

			FieldInfo[] fieldInfos = clonedType.GetFields(
				BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic |
				BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy
			);
			for(int index = 0; index < fieldInfos.Length; ++index) {
				FieldInfo fieldInfo = fieldInfos[index];
				Type fieldType = fieldInfo.FieldType;

				if(fieldType.IsPrimitive) {
					complexTransferExpressions.Add(
						Expression.Assign(
							Expression.Field(clone, fieldInfo),
							Expression.Field(original, fieldInfo)
						)
					);
				}
			}

			transferExpressions.Add(
				Expression.IfThen(
					Expression.NotEqual(original, Expression.Constant(null)),
					Expression.Block(complexTransferExpressions)
				)
			);

			// Set the return value to the temporary variable
			transferExpressions.Add(clone);
		}

		/// <summary>Compiles a method that creates a clone of an object</summary>
		/// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type for which a clone method will be created</typeparam>
		/// <returns>A method that clones an object of the provided type</returns>
		private static Func<TCloned, TCloned> createDeepFieldBasedCloner<TCloned>() {
			Type clonedType = typeof(TCloned);

			ParameterExpression original = Expression.Parameter(typeof(TCloned), "original");
			ParameterExpression clone = Expression.Variable(typeof(TCloned), "clone");

			var transferExpressions = new List<Expression>();
			var variables = new List<ParameterExpression>();

			if(clonedType.IsPrimitive || (clonedType == typeof(string))) {
				transferExpressions.Add(original); // primitives are copied on assignment
			} else if(clonedType.IsArray) {
				Type elementType = clonedType.GetElementType();
				if(elementType.IsPrimitive || (elementType == typeof(string))) {
					generatePrimitiveArrayTransferExpressions(
						clonedType, original, variables, transferExpressions
					);
				} else {
					generateComplexArrayTransferExpressions(
						clonedType, original, variables, transferExpressions
					);
				}
			} else {
				generateComplexTypeTransferExpressions(
					clonedType, original, variables, transferExpressions
				);
			}

			Expression<Func<TCloned, TCloned>> expression;
			if(variables.Count > 0) {
				expression = Expression.Lambda<Func<TCloned, TCloned>>(
					Expression.Block(variables, transferExpressions), original
				);
			} else if(transferExpressions.Count == 1) {
				expression = Expression.Lambda<Func<TCloned, TCloned>>(
					transferExpressions[0], original
				);
			} else {
				expression = Expression.Lambda<Func<TCloned, TCloned>>(
					Expression.Block(transferExpressions), original
				);
			}

			return expression.Compile();
		}

#if false
    /// <summary>
    ///   Transfers the state of one object into another, creating clones of referenced objects
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TState">Type of the object whose sate will be transferred</typeparam>
    /// <param name="original">Original instance the state will be taken from</param>
    /// <param name="target">Target instance the state will be written to</param>
    /// <param name="propertyBased">Whether to perform a property-based state copy</param>
    public void DeepCopyState<TState>(TState original, TState target, bool propertyBased)
      where TState : class {
      throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///   Transfers the state of one object into another, creating clones of referenced objects
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TState">Type of the object whose sate will be transferred</typeparam>
    /// <param name="original">Original instance the state will be taken from</param>
    /// <param name="target">Target instance the state will be written to</param>
    /// <param name="propertyBased">Whether to perform a property-based state copy</param>
    public void DeepCopyState<TState>(ref TState original, ref TState target, bool propertyBased)
      where TState : struct {
      throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    /// <summary>Transfers the state of one object into another</summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TState">Type of the object whose sate will be transferred</typeparam>
    /// <param name="original">Original instance the state will be taken from</param>
    /// <param name="target">Target instance the state will be written to</param>
    /// <param name="propertyBased">Whether to perform a property-based state copy</param>
    public void ShallowCopyState<TState>(TState original, TState target, bool propertyBased)
      where TState : class {
      throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    /// <summary>Transfers the state of one object into another</summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TState">Type of the object whose sate will be transferred</typeparam>
    /// <param name="original">Original instance the state will be taken from</param>
    /// <param name="target">Target instance the state will be written to</param>
    /// <param name="propertyBased">Whether to perform a property-based state copy</param>
    public void ShallowCopyState<TState>(ref TState original, ref TState target, bool propertyBased)
      where TState : struct {
      throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///   Compiles a method that copies the state of one object into another object
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type of object whose state will be copied</typeparam>
    /// <param name="deepClone">Whether to create clones of the referenced objects</param>
    /// <returns>A method that copies the state from one object into another object</returns>
    public static Action<TCloned, TCloned> CreateReferenceCopier<TCloned>(bool deepClone)
      where TCloned : class {
      throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///   Compiles a method that copies the state of one object into another object
    /// </summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type of object whose state will be copied</typeparam>
    /// <param name="deepClone">Whether to create clones of the referenced objects</param>
    /// <returns>A method that copies the state from one object into another object</returns>
    public static ReferenceAction<TCloned, TCloned> CreateValueCopier<TCloned>(bool deepClone)
      where TCloned : struct {
      throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    /// <summary>Compiles a method that creates a clone of an object</summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TCloned">Type of object that will be cloned</typeparam>
    /// <param name="deepClone">Whether to create clones of the referenced objects</param>
    /// <returns>A method that clones an object of the provided type</returns>
    public static Func<TCloned, TCloned> CreateCloner<TCloned>(bool deepClone)
      where TCloned : class, new() {
      throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
#endif

		/// <summary>Compiled cloners that perform shallow clone operations</summary>
		private static ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Delegate> shallowCloners;
		/// <summary>Compiled cloners that perform deep clone operations</summary>
		private static ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Delegate> deepCloners;

	}

} // namespace Nuclex.Support.Cloning

#endif // !(XBOX360 || WINDOWS_PHONE)